Operations terminology, explained
From EDI and OTIF to GS1, OMS and Smart Layer — clear definitions, worked examples and FAQs for every term in the modern operations stack.
Logistics
The process of retrieving products from warehouse locations to fulfil an order — the most costly warehouse activity.
Logistics
The process of storing received goods in optimal locations immediately after receipt.
Operations
The process of checking and recording goods entering the warehouse, matched against the purchase order and delivery note.
Logistics
Automatically refilling picking locations from reserve stock to prevent stockouts during picking.
Logistics
Grouping orders into planned waves to sync picking with routes, carriers and shipping deadlines.
Logistics
Picking several orders in one warehouse pass, grouped by common SKUs.
Logistics
Dividing the warehouse into zones where each operator picks only in their zone, with orders passing between zones.
Logistics
Strategically assigning products to warehouse locations based on rotation, size and affinity to minimise picking effort.
FEFO · Logistics
The rule of shipping the batch with the nearest expiry date first, essential for perishable products.
Logistics
The ability to track a product batch across the whole chain, from supplier to end customer, for recall and compliance.
Logistics
Assigning a unique identifier to each product unit for individual tracking, warranty and anti-counterfeiting.
Logistics
The unique physical address of a storage slot (aisle-rack-level-position), the foundation of warehouse organisation.
Operations
Combining several individual products into a single set (kit) with its own SKU, before or at order time.
Operations
The degree of match between book stock (in the system) and physical stock (in the warehouse) — the operation's health metric.
Logistics
How many times stock is fully sold and replenished in a period — a measure of capital efficiency.
Logistics
Goods unsold for a long period that lock capital and space, with little prospect of selling at normal price.
PTL · Technology
Technologies guiding picking via shelf lights or voice commands, for maximum speed and accuracy.
Technology
Using mobile barcode-scanning terminals to validate every warehouse operation in real time.
GS1-128 · Logistics
The standardised pallet label carrying the SSCC and logistics data, mandatory for retailer deliveries.
Operations
Reserving available stock for confirmed orders by priority rules to prevent over-promising.
ATP · Operations
The stock quantity that can be safely promised to a new order, accounting for on-hand stock, allocations and future inbound.
Operations
The percentage of customer demand fulfilled fully from stock at first delivery, without backorder — a key service-level metric.
Operations
Automatically coordinating each order's lifecycle from capture to delivery, across channels and warehouses.
Operations
The automatic decision on which warehouse or location fulfils each order, for optimal cost and delivery time.
Operations
Splitting one order into several separate shipments, from different warehouses or at different times.
Operations
Fulfilling orders from unified stock across all sales channels, with a consistent experience wherever the customer buys.
DOM · Operations
Managing orders across a distributed network of stock sources (warehouses, stores, suppliers) with centralised fulfilment decisions.
Operations
Managing the reverse goods flow — from customer back to warehouse — including inspection, restocking and refund.
Operations
The total time from order placement to delivery to the customer — a direct measure of operational speed.
Operations
The percentage of orders delivered with no errors — on time, in full, undamaged and with correct documentation.
Operations
Automatically ordering orders by promised deadlines and customer importance to meet delivery commitments.
EDIFACT · Technology
The UN international standard for EDI messages, dominant in Europe for B2B commercial document exchange.
ANSI X12 · Technology
The dominant EDI standard in North America, used for commercial document exchange between B2B partners.
ORDERS · Technology
The EDIFACT message by which a buyer electronically transmits a purchase order to a supplier.
ORDRSP · Technology
The EDIFACT message by which a supplier confirms, changes or rejects an order received from a buyer.
RECADV · Technology
The EDIFACT message by which the recipient confirms the quantities actually received from a delivery.
DELFOR/DELJIT · Technology
EDIFACT messages for communicating delivery forecasts and just-in-time calls, typical in automotive and manufacturing.
PRICAT · Technology
The EDIFACT message by which a supplier sends the retailer its product and price catalogue, synced electronically.
INVRPT/SLSRPT · Technology
EDIFACT messages by which a retailer reports stock and sales per product to the supplier, essential for VMI.
REMADV · Technology
The EDIFACT message by which the payer states which invoices it is paying and with what adjustments, for automatic reconciliation.
AS2 · Technology
A secure protocol for transmitting EDI messages directly over the internet, with encryption and delivery receipt (MDN).
OFTP2 · Technology
The standard EDI transmission protocol in the European automotive industry, for secure file exchange over the internet.
VAN · Technology
Methods of transporting EDI messages: VAN (value-added intermediary network) and SFTP (secure file transfer).
Technology
Translating between the standard EDI message structure and your ERP's data format, for automatic processing.
Technology
The process of connecting EDI with a new trading partner: mapping, transport setup and end-to-end testing.
Technology
The difference between EDI (the whole B2B commercial cycle) and e-Invoice (only the fiscal invoice sent to the state via the portal).
Technology
The set of technical and operational requirements a retailer imposes on suppliers for EDI exchange, whose breach triggers penalties.
B2B Commerce
An online platform where business customers (distributors, retailers, HoReCa) place orders 24/7 at their contract prices.
B2B Commerce
The model where the B2B customer places orders online themselves, without going through an agent or back office.
PunchOut · B2B Commerce
A mechanism where the buyer browses the supplier catalogue directly from their own procurement system.
B2B Commerce
The flow where a B2B order passes through several internal approval levels before it is placed.
B2B Commerce
Templates of frequently ordered products a customer can reuse to order in seconds.
B2B Commerce
Individually negotiated per-customer B2B prices, different from list price, applied automatically at order time.
B2B Commerce
Real-time display in the B2B portal of available stock and estimated delivery date per product.
B2B Commerce
Customer access to past orders with the option to quickly reorder them, fully or partially.
B2B Commerce
Commercial exposure control: the portal checks the customer's credit limit and balance before accepting the order.
B2B Commerce
Assortment and product content displayed differently per customer, by contract, region or segment.
B2B Commerce
Uploading a many-line order from a CSV/Excel file, instead of manual line-by-line entry.
B2B Commerce
A platform where suppliers see your orders, confirm dates, send ASNs and invoices, and track their payments.
PO · B2B Commerce
The official document by which you buy from a supplier: agreed products, quantities, prices and terms.
B2B Commerce
The supplier's response to a purchase order: acceptance, rejection or proposed changes.
3-way match · Finance
The control that compares the purchase order, the receipt and the invoice before approving payment.
Finance
The model where the buyer issues the invoice on the supplier's behalf, based on confirmed receipt.
Logistics
Goods physically at the buyer but owned by the supplier until actual sale or consumption.
B2B Commerce
A supplier performance evaluation on metrics such as on-time delivery, compliance and quality.
B2B Commerce
The process of integrating a new supplier: data, documents, terms and connection to the portal or EDI.
Finance
Supplier access to their invoice status: received, matching, approved, scheduled or paid.
Web EDI · Technology
A web interface where a partner with no EDI system of its own can receive and send EDI documents from the browser.
Technology
Automatic generation of a response document from the received document's data (e.g. invoice from order).
Technology
The backup mechanism that ensures document exchange continuity when the main EDI channel is unavailable.
POD · Logistics
Confirmation that goods were delivered and received: signature, photo, timestamp and any reservations.
Logistics
Real-time tracking of an order or shipment's status and location, from pickup to delivery.
Technology
Comparing the two ways of doing EDI: a manual web portal vs automated system-to-system integration.
Logistics
Generating and printing GS1-128 logistics labels (with SSCC) straight from the Web EDI portal, with no own system.
iPaaS · Technology
A cloud platform that connects applications and data via connectors, flows and transformations managed centrally.
MDM · Technology
The discipline of maintaining a single source of truth for key data: products, customers, suppliers, prices.
DIFOT · Logistics
The metric measuring the percentage of orders delivered in full and on the promised date.
Technology
A single visibility and decision hub that aggregates chain-wide data to detect and resolve issues proactively.
Technology
The intermediate software layer that connects systems and translates data between them, decoupling them from each other.
Technology
The property whereby processing the same message repeatedly produces the same result, with no duplicate effects.
Technology
The two ways of moving data between systems: instantly on each event, or grouped at scheduled intervals.
LT · Operations
The total time between placing a replenishment order and the goods becoming actually available for sale.
ROP · Operations
The stock level at which a new order must be placed to avoid a stockout before goods arrive.
EOQ · Operations
The optimal order quantity that minimises the combined total of ordering and holding costs.
ABC · Operations
Classifying products into three classes (A, B, C) by their contribution to value or revenue, to prioritise management.
XYZ · Operations
Classifying products by demand variability (predictability): X = stable, Y = variable, Z = erratic.
Operations
Estimating future demand per product based on sales history, seasonality and external factors.
S&OP · Operations
A monthly management process aligning the sales plan with operational and supply capacity.
Operations
A situation where a requested product is not available in stock, causing lost sales and dissatisfied customers.
Operations
Stock above the level demand requires, locking capital, taking space and risking becoming dead stock.
Operations
The gap between book stock and physical stock, caused by theft, damage, expiry or recording errors.
Operations
The volume of orders, lines or units a warehouse can process in a given time period.
Operations
Aligning operational capacity (staff, space, equipment) to forecast demand, to avoid bottlenecks or wasted cost.
Logistics
Standardised international rules (ICC) defining who pays for transport, risk and customs in a commercial transaction.
CMR · Logistics
The international road transport document proving the contract between consignor, carrier and consignee.
B/L · Logistics
The sea transport document proving receipt of goods, the transport contract and title to the goods.
Logistics
The document detailing the contents of each parcel/pallet in a shipment: items, quantities, weights, dimensions.
HS · Logistics
The international customs classification code for goods, determining duties and import/export restrictions.
Logistics
Centralised management of multiple couriers and carriers: allocation, AWB generation, tracking and performance review.
Logistics
Checking carrier invoices against agreed rates and actual shipments to detect overbilling.
COD · Logistics
A payment method where the customer pays the courier at delivery, and the money is remitted to the merchant.
Logistics
A physical location (automated locker or partner point) where the customer collects their order, an alternative to home delivery.
Logistics
The percentage of orders or products returned out of those delivered, an indicator of experience and operations health.
Logistics
A picking method guided by voice commands in a headset, leaving the operator hands- and eyes-free.
Technology
Demand forecasting with machine-learning models that learn patterns from history and external factors, at SKU level.
ETL · Technology
A process where data is extracted from a source, transformed to the target format and loaded into the destination system.
Technology
A single entry point that routes, secures and controls API calls to backend services.
Technology
A query language for APIs that lets the client request exactly the data it needs, in a single call.
EDA · Technology
A model where systems react to events (new order, stock change) in real time, instead of polling periodically.
Technology
A commerce architecture where the frontend (storefront) is separated from the backend (orders, stock, checkout) and communicates via API.
Technology
A software architecture style where the application is built from small, independent services communicating via API.
SSOT · Technology
The principle that each piece of data has one authoritative place, avoiding conflicting versions across systems.
Technology
A central store of data consolidated from multiple systems, optimised for reporting and analysis, not operations.
Technology
A simple data-exchange format (CSV, TXT, Excel) often used for integrations with systems lacking an API.
TCO · Finance
The sum of all costs of a solution over its full life: acquisition, implementation, operation, maintenance and replacement.
ROI · Finance
The metric measuring the net gain of an investment relative to its cost: (benefit − cost) / cost.
KPI · Operations
A quantitative measure of performance against a goal, used to monitor and improve operations.
EBITDA · Finance
Operating profit before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization — a measure of operating performance.
Finance
The difference between revenue and cost of goods sold, usually expressed as a percentage of revenue.
GMROI · Finance
The metric showing how many euros of gross margin you generate for each euro invested in inventory.
CCC · Finance
The number of days cash stays locked in operations: inventory + receivables − payables to suppliers.
Finance
The total real cost of a product up to the warehouse: purchase price + freight + duties + insurance + handling.
DIO · Finance
The average number of days goods sit in stock before being sold.
RFQ · B2B Commerce
The formal request by which a buyer asks a supplier for price and terms for specific products and quantities.
B2B Commerce
The agreed conditions on when and how the customer pays: on delivery, net 30/60/90 days, with early-payment discounts.
B2B Commerce
A price reduction granted when quantity thresholds are exceeded, to encourage larger orders.
B2B Commerce
Electronic commerce between companies: business customers ordering online, with contract prices, credit and B2B-specific flows.
B2B Commerce
An order placed for products not yet in stock but expected to become available at a future date.
B2B Commerce
Orders scheduled automatically at fixed intervals, for repeat consumption, without manual re-entry each time.
B2B Commerce
A promotional action between supplier and retailer/distributor: discounts, rebates, co-funding aimed at boosting sales.
B2B Commerce
The share of received stock sold in a period: units sold / units received × 100.
Finance
The true total cost of fulfilling an order or serving a customer: processing, picking, transport, returns and support.
OTD · Logistics
The share of deliveries arriving within the promised window: on-time deliveries / total deliveries × 100.
Operations
The share of orders (or lines) that cannot be fulfilled immediately from stock and go on backorder: backordered / total × 100.
Operations
The share of orders processed without errors: correct orders / total orders × 100.
Finance
The time it takes for the savings or gains from an investment to cover its initial cost.
NPV · Finance
The value today of all an investment's future cash flows, minus the initial cost, discounted at a chosen rate.
IRR · Finance
The discount rate at which an investment's net present value (NPV) becomes zero — the project's intrinsic return.
Technology
The total loss from each hour a critical system or process is unavailable: missed sales, blocked work, penalties.
FTE · Finance
The unit expressing workload equivalent to one full-time employee — used to measure resource savings.
OEE · Operations
The production efficiency metric: availability × performance × quality, expressed as a percentage.
Operations
The flow from receiving a supplier invoice to its approved payment: capture, matching, approval, payment scheduling.
Operations
The flow of matching received payments to their corresponding invoices, to correctly close receivables.
Operations
The extension of Order-to-Cash that starts from the customer's credit check and runs to payment collection.
Logistics
The warehouse execution flow from picking the products, to packing, to shipping the order to the customer.
Operations
The flow by which blocked or abnormal orders and transactions are detected, routed and resolved quickly, without stopping the rest of the operation.
Operations
The automated flow that refills stock at the right time, in the right quantity, based on demand and reorder thresholds.
Operations
The flow that computes in real time what quantity can be promised to a customer and when, based on real stock and already-allocated orders.
SPV · Finance
ANAF's online portal where individuals and companies deal with the Romanian tax authority electronically: filings, e-invoicing, payments, notices.
Finance
Romania's national e-invoicing system: invoices as XML (UBL 2.1 / CIUS-RO) sent and validated through the ANAF SPV portal, mandatory B2B and B2C.
Finance
The 2026 stage of Romanian e-invoicing, now in force: full B2C and consolidated obligations for all taxpayers, with strict deadline enforcement.
SAF-T · Finance
A standardized XML file (Standard Audit File for Tax) filed to ANAF via the D406 return, containing the period's full accounting transactions.
Finance
ANAF's public registers to check whether a partner is VAT-registered, on cash-VAT, or fiscally inactive, searchable by tax ID.
Logistics
ANAF's goods-transport monitoring system; it issues the UIT code, mandatory before the goods leave.
Finance
The Romanian return (form 212) where individuals declare realized and estimated income and compute their income tax and social contributions.
D394 · Finance
The Romanian informative return on domestic supplies and acquisitions between taxable persons, used by ANAF for anti-fraud cross-checks.
D300 · Finance
The Romanian return (form 300) where VAT payers report output VAT, input VAT and the resulting VAT payable or refundable.
Finance
A negative-value invoice that fully or partially cancels a wrongly issued invoice or a returned transaction.
Finance
A proforma is a quote/payment request with no accounting effect; a tax invoice creates VAT obligations and must be recorded.
CAEN · Finance
The Romanian economic-activity classification code identifying a company's line of business.
Finance
Two popular Romanian invoicing tools; both excel at invoice issuance and e-Factura, but neither covers the operational flow before and after the invoice.
Technology
WinMentor — affordable Romanian ERP, strong on local accounting; SAP — global enterprise ERP, complex and costly. A rip-and-replace migration is rarely justified.
Finance
The standard letting authorized third-party apps securely connect, with the company's consent, to bank accounts to read statements and initiate payments — the basis of automated reconciliation.
PSD2 · Finance
The EU directive requiring banks to open secure API access to accounts for authorized providers — the legal foundation of open banking.
AIS/PIS · Finance
The two PSD2 open-banking services: AIS (account information / statements) and PIS (payment initiation) — used for reconciliation and automated payments.
Finance
Matching each bank-statement transaction to its invoice, order or payment — automated through open banking.
Finance
Pulling the bank statement into the system automatically via open banking, instead of downloading it manually from each bank portal.
MT940/CAMT.053 · Finance
The standard electronic bank-statement formats: MT940 (SWIFT text) and CAMT.053 (ISO 20022 XML) — used for import and reconciliation.
Finance
Automatically matching each receipt to the invoice it settles, including partial and bulk payments, based on amount, reference and tolerance rules.
Peppol · Finance
The standardized European network where companies send and receive electronic invoices and documents across any country, without point-to-point agreements — Azuvio is Peppol-ready.
Peppol AP · Finance
The certified gateway a company connects through to send and receive documents on the Peppol network — Azuvio connects the company through a certified AP, on request.
Peppol BIS · Finance
The standard electronic-invoice specification used on the Peppol network, based on the European norm EN 16931 and the XML UBL format.
Peppol ID · Finance
A company's unique address on the Peppol network, used to route documents to the correct recipient via the SMP and SML registries.
EDI · Technology
Structured exchange of commercial documents between B2B partners, without emails or manual data entry.
OTIF · Logistics
Share of orders delivered on time AND complete. Critical KPI for modern retailer relationships.
VMI · B2B Commerce
The supplier manages stock at the customer/shelf — orders are triggered automatically at threshold, not issued manually.
O2C · Operations
The end-to-end cycle from order receipt to invoice payment. A key cash-flow health indicator.
NIR · Operations
Internal document confirming the physical receipt of goods in the warehouse — the pivot between supplier delivery note and invoice.
GS1 · Technology
The global organization managing trade identification standards: GTIN (EAN), GLN, SSCC, EANCOM.
GLN · Technology
13-digit GS1 code uniquely identifying a location (HQ, warehouse, store, delivery dock).
SSCC · Logistics
Unique 18-digit code identifying an individual transport unit — pallet, case, container.
GTIN · Technology
Global product identification code — base for EAN-13, UPC, marketplaces.
ASN · Logistics
EDI shipping notice sent before goods physically arrive at the retailer — describes pallet, batch, quantity.
B2B Commerce
The EDIFACT commercial invoice message — exchanged directly between supplier and customer (different from the fiscal e-Invoice).
OMS · Technology
The system centralizing orders from every channel (EDI, online, phone, field agent) and orchestrating execution.
WMS · Logistics
The system orchestrating physical warehouse operations: receiving, putaway, picking, packing, shipping.
SFA · Operations
The mobile app for the field agent — planned visits, catalogue ordering, collection, daily report.
ERP · Technology
The system unifying accounting, inventory, production, payroll and sales in a single database.
CRM · Operations
The system managing prospect and customer relationships: leads, pipeline, communications, contract.
PIM · Technology
The source system for all product data — attributes, images, descriptions — distributed to every channel.
P2P · Finance
The end-to-end procurement cycle: request → order → receipt → invoice → payment → reconciliation.
DSO · Finance
Average number of days from invoice issue to cash collection. Key cash-flow indicator.
DPO · Finance
Average number of days from supplier invoice receipt to actual payment.
SKU · Operations
Internal unique code of an item in your stock — finer granularity than GTIN.
Operations
Order accepted but not deliverable from current stock — fulfilled at a known future date.
Logistics
Logistics operation where goods flow through the warehouse without storage — directly from receiving to shipping.
Logistics
The final delivery stage — from local DC to end customer. The most expensive segment.
3PL · Logistics
External logistics provider — runs warehouse + fulfillment + courier on behalf of its customers.
Logistics
The complete order fulfilment process: pick → pack → ship → tracking → delivery → returns support.
B2B Commerce
Connector syncing products, stock, price, orders and delivery status between ERP/OMS and marketplaces (eMAG, Amazon).
Technology
Modern orchestration layer over the existing ERP — adds OMS, WMS, EDI, marketplace without replacing accounting.
Technology
The standard HTTP integration interface for data exchange between systems.
Technology
HTTP push notification sent automatically on event — the opposite of „polling”.
Logistics
Continuous small-batch counting with no activity stops — modern alternative to annual physical inventory.
B2B Commerce
Automatic deduction from supplier invoice for SLA breaches — wrong ASN, low OTIF, invalid label.
Technology
SaaS architecture where one software instance serves many logically-isolated customers.
SLA · Technology
Contractual guarantee of availability, support response time and technical performance.
D394 · Finance
Monthly Romanian tax filing listing all domestic B2B sales and purchases — the main source of ANAF cross-checks.
SAF-T · Finance
Monthly granular Romanian tax filing: every invoice, stock movement and ledger entry — mandatory for VAT payers.
e-Factura · Finance
Romanian electronic invoice in XML UBL 2.1, mandatory B2B and B2G via the ANAF SPV portal.
SPV · Finance
Official ANAF portal through which taxpayers file returns, receive notifications and submit e-Invoice, e-Transport, SAF-T D406.
RO e-Transport · Logistics
Romanian ANAF system for monitoring shipments of high-fiscal-risk goods; requires advance declaration with a UIT code issued via SPV.
Logistics
Romanian fiscal document accompanying goods between supplier and recipient until the invoice is issued.
UIT · Logistics
Unique code issued by Romania's ANAF through SPV for every shipment declared in RO e-Transport, valid for the duration of the goods movement.
D394 · Finance
Romanian recapitulative informational declaration of domestic supplies/acquisitions, filed monthly by VAT payers to ANAF.
Finance
Monthly accounting summary that confirms debits equal credits and feeds every Romanian tax filing (D300, D394, D112, SAF-T).
D300 · Finance
Monthly/quarterly Romanian VAT return reporting output VAT, input VAT and the net payable or refundable amount to ANAF.
Finance
Mandatory accounting register listing every issued invoice chronologically, with VAT base and output VAT — the primary source for D300 and D394.
Finance
Mandatory Romanian accounting register listing every supplier invoice received, with deductible VAT — the primary source for recoverable VAT through D300.
Finance
Mandatory Romanian accounting register listing every economic transaction chronologically — the foundation of double-entry bookkeeping.
Finance
Preliminary commercial document with no fiscal value, used for quoting and advance payment before issuing the fiscal invoice.
Finance
Negative-value invoice that cancels or corrects a previously issued invoice while preserving the fiscal audit trail.
Finance
Optional Romanian scheme where VAT becomes chargeable when the invoice is collected, not when it is issued.
Finance
Structured list of all accounting accounts a company uses, organised by classes and groups per Romanian OMFP regulations.
Finance
The record of an economic transaction on accounts (debit = credit), the base unit of double-entry bookkeeping.
Finance
Financial statement showing a company's position at a point in time: assets = equity + liabilities.
Finance
Financial statement showing a company's revenues, expenses and result (profit/loss) over a period.
Cash-flow · Finance
The actual movement of money in and out of a company over a period — a measure of liquidity, not profit.
Finance
Systematic allocation of a fixed asset's cost over its useful life, recognised as a periodic expense.
Logistics
Extra buffer inventory held to prevent stockouts caused by demand or supply variability.
FIFO/LIFO/CMP · Logistics
Accounting rules to determine the cost of goods leaving stock: first-in-first-out, last-in-first-out, or weighted average cost.
Operations
The process of physically verifying inventory and reconciling it with book records to establish the real asset position.
D390 · Finance
Monthly recapitulative statement of intra-EU supplies, acquisitions and services between VAT-registered persons, filed to ANAF via SPV and feeding the EU VIES system.
D112 · Finance
Monthly Romanian return of social contributions, income tax and the nominal record of insured persons, filed to ANAF via SPV.
CAEN · Finance
The Romanian economic-activity classification code identifying a company's business object, used for registration, licensing and tax reporting; harmonised with EU NACE.
e-TVA · Finance
The ANAF system that auto-generates a pre-filled VAT return from e-Invoice, e-Transport and SAF-T data, which the taxpayer compares against their own records.
B2B Commerce
A sales model where the merchant holds no stock: on receiving an order, the supplier ships the product directly to the end customer on the merchant's behalf.
Logistics
The process of collecting products from storage locations to fulfil an order — the most costly operation in a warehouse.
Logistics
The set of processes turning an order into a delivery: receiving, storage, picking, packing, shipping and returns.
Supply Chain · Logistics
The complete network of processes, actors and flows that move a product from supplier to end customer — from sourcing and production to storage, distribution and delivery.
Procurement · B2B Commerce
A company's sourcing function: identifying needs, selecting suppliers, negotiating, ordering and receiving goods and services at the optimal total cost.
Working Capital · Finance
The difference between current assets and current liabilities — the cash a company has to fund daily operations. A key financial-health indicator.
Finance
The value of the best alternative you give up when choosing a particular use of resources — a key concept in strategic capital-allocation decisions.
MOQ · B2B Commerce
The minimum quantity a supplier accepts per order — a factor that directly affects inventory levels, cash flow and unit cost.
Q2O · B2B Commerce
The full flow from quote/estimate to a firm accepted order — the step before Order-to-Cash.
Logistics
The operational flow that turns an order into a delivery: stock allocation, picking, packing, shipping and confirmation.
Technology
Intelligent routing of orders from every channel to the optimal fulfillment source, in real time.
Logistics
The receiving flow that makes goods available for sale: from unloading at the dock to validated stock.
Logistics
The reverse flow of goods: returns, RMA, refurbishment, restock or disposal — from customer back into the chain.